On July 21, 1791, the people of Varennes came to the realization that the king, Louis XVI, was among them.(Tackett, 3-5) It is clear by their indecision at what action to further take that this realization was almost immobilizing in its weight. Years before perhaps the people of Varennes would have helped the king on his way in a dutiful manner, but the revolution had garnered suspicion in their ranks. The town in effect was just another series of mishaps in a plan that, from the beginning, was doomed for failure, and once the news had reached the far corners of the country, the French people were bent on the king's return to Paris. The French, acting as one mind but with several ideas about the situation, were agreed upon the king's return, and Varennes had already acted in this decision. Varennes, like the rest of France, had been changed by the revolution, and the king's flight was a step in the direction of deposing the monarchy, evidenced through how the French people reacted to the king's presence in Varennes and the news of his escape, coupled with just how hard the French had made it for the king to escape in the first place.
The people of Varennes had been affected in many ways by the revolution prior to the King's appearance. Like all other French towns, Varennes had elected it's own representatives to the National Assembly in March of 1789.(Tackett, 9) The act of electing these officials changed the town of Varennes, especially at the realization of inclusion in building a governing body. For a group of people who had been lorded over by nobles and exploited with taxes, the inclusion and then implementation of government was a far cry from the norm.(Tackett, 10) This in many ways changed the way they viewed government from the set apart establishment of hierarchical authority in a downward direction, moving from the King and parliaments towards the citizens, to an understanding of government coming up from the people to the state, shifting power from the “rulers” to the “ruled.” To a group of peasants, merchants, and tradesman this would change everything, in effect giving a supplement of purpose to the masses.
Another change the people of Varennes had experienced was the institution of a local militia.(Tackett, 11) One of the most important parts about the militia was the time of its formation. As Tackett explains, “In August, 1789, confronted by the threat of anarchy and of possible counterrevolution after the collapse of the Old Regime, the town had formed its first citizens' militia.”(Tackett, 11) The militia was not just produced by the revolution but to defend the revolution against the supposed threats milling about during the Great Fear. If this militia had been formed simply out of revolutionary thought as a product of the new ability to do so it would not have had the same importance. The militia stood as a designation of the worth of the revolution and its ideals that, when threatened, the people of Varennes (like many other people in France) realized they were worth fighting for. Facing opposition for an ideal is far more important than simply believing in that ideal; in like manner, it was an intensely important step for the people of Varennes to voluntarily choose to fight against a counterrevolution.
Still another change that had happened to Varennes during the revolution was the institution of clubs, specifically the founding of the Varennes chapter of the Friends of the Constitution, which became affiliated with the Jacobins. The club's first purpose was to “support and propagate the decrees passed by the National Assembly,” but quickly mimicked the Jacobins in serving as a watchdog for enemies of the revolution.(Tackett, 12) If not for this watchdog tendency it is doubtful the vigilance experienced by the king would have existed, at least to some degree. In the instance of Varennes, though, the king was met with a very tense town.
After dealing with the possibility of threats to their life during the Great Fear by the enemies of the Revolution, one could easily say Varennes was on edge. The paranoia that had gripped the countryside with rumors of marauding bands in the pay of anti-revolutionary nobles was enough to wind up the people of Varennes.(Popkin, 35) Between 1789 and 1791 Varennes experienced three close calls dealing with rumors that put the town on guard, adding to the importance of the militia and the addition of guns and ammunition.(Tackett, 13-14) A more imminent threat was the presence of the garrisons of royal troops in and around Varennes, many of which were foreign troops.(Tackett, 14)
Take that fear of losing life or wellbeing one step further with the possibility of losing all that had been accomplished by the revolution, and one can see just how watchful Varennes must have been. The threat of attack by enemies of the revolution was an eventual attack on the revolution, and after all the people of Varennes, the people of France altogether, had gained from the revolution they would obviously have been frightened by the loss of that success. Varennes had established its first municipal government, had created a militia of its own people, and involved itself in the governing of the entire nation, all of which were definite and positive steps toward fair treatment under the law and increased rights for the common people.(Tackett, 9-12)
Of all these reasons for stopping the king on his flight, it is amazing why the leaders of Varennes had such a hard time deciding to send him back to Paris. The mysticism of the royal family still held sway over the people of France, as was displayed by Jacques Destez failing on his knees to hail the king when he was shown to the royal family; the leaders of the town, at the realization of the king's identity assumed he was acting in the best interest of his family and the country and decided they must help him in his escape to Montmedy.(Tackett, 7-8) But those who had not been in the presence of the king were far more suspicious, and put two-and-two together concerning the king's flight and the presence of the troops in their region. (page 18) There was, then, a conflict of interests. At first the people of Varennes, or at least those who met with the king, desired to help him seek refuge from Paris. But after realizing the presence of the foreign troops and those troops having advanced into Varennes, Sauce and a portion of the council of Varennes decided to send the king back to Paris.(Tackett, 22)
The experiences of Varennes were not the only forces at play in Louis and his family getting sent back to Paris. The whole plan of escape was inevitably doomed from the day it was put into motion. Once troops were put into place, people became suspicious, and even harassed them to drive them away.(Tackett, 67) Ultimately Tackett contributes the king's indecisiveness as the weak link in the escape, along with many other problems. The king repeatedly rescheduled the escape, even down to a one-day delay due to a wary servant girl.(Tackett, 49, 53-54) Troops had been stationed at certain intervals along the route to aid the king and his family in their escape, and the movements of such troops drew far too much attention.(Tackett, 52) Everything seemed to draw attention, even the huge black and yellow berline the group decided to travel in.(Tackett, 48) The king decided it would be okay to ride with the shades down, speak with people along the way, and generally reveal his presence to anyone who might recognize him.(Tackett, 66)
It is inarguable that the plan was well thought out; people like Axel von Fersen and General Bouillé planned things down to the minute detail, even timing out the whole trip.(Tackett, 46, 50, 51) If there had not been delays and pit falls, perhaps the plan would have succeeded, as it was well developed and planed out, save for the one problem that could not be avoided: the king.
Tackett explains that the king did not think the Revolution was in such great presence in the countryside as it was in Paris. Perhaps if the king, and the rest of the group, had realized this they would have been more inconspicuous, keeping to their roles and passing through towns unnoticed. But sadly they did not, and the king was noticed several times.(Tackett, 66) It seems as though the whole trip, with its delays, unintended attention, and inadequate decision-making on the king's part, was destined to fail before it even began.
An interesting thing about the French countryside's communication was the speed at which the information of the king's flight spread. All but the most secluded regions of France had received word of the king's escape within four days. Tackett makes the observation that the news spread most quickly along the major highways due to the use of couriers. As these men hurtled along with their information they told anyone who would come in earshot, and traded information and misinformation with each other. There were all manner of rumor as to the cause of the king's disappearance, and several suspects, but the general fact that the king was gone spread like wild fire.(Tackett, 152-154)
The way in which French people responded to this information is quite interesting, chiefly in the similarities and differences between Parisians and the people of the provinces. As the monarchy had existed for near a millennium the French in general had a strong tie to their king. There was a certain mysticism surrounding the king, even down to the supposed “king's touch” which could cure a skin disease. When it came to Louis, people endeared him, even with his overeating and his lack of tact or court prowess. Louis had engendered a paternal idea of his relationship with his people, and the French people saw him as a “good father.”(Tackett, 180) In most regards people still had faith in the king, and wished to see him at the head of a constitutional monarchy.
As the revolution wore on, the king had lost much of his power, and Louis was beginning to wane in the public eyes. (Popkin, 47) The French people still wanted him at the head of the government, save the unusual radical, but felt some of his past power was better left in the hands of the representatives of the people. The fact that this representative body resided in Paris and the amount of information and intellectual culture in Paris caused a difference in the way Parisians reacted to the king's disappearance.
Paris, rather than exploding in a frenzy of anger and feelings of betrayal or fear at the king's disappearance, reacted with emotional calm after the first reaction of excitement and shock. Interestingly, this reaction happened because the turmoil was put down so quickly by the National Assembly, and with the flurry of activity aimed at returning the king the people simply stood back and observed.(Tackett, 98) Later, however, Paris became a powder keg, as exemplified by the massacre at the Champ de Mars stadium on July 14, 1791.(Tackett, 148)
The people of the countryside, however, were not as calm. As the news spread of the king's disappearance, the fears of a foreign army attacking or some other evil befalling the people spread just as quickly as the news of the king. (Tackett, 155) The people of the provinces were electrified into action, sending out couriers and drawing up defenses in perhaps the only actions open for them to do.
Besides the actions in the countryside and later riots in Paris, the people of France seemed to react in like fashion. Though the Parisians seemed far less disturbed by the thought of conspiracy over the king's disappearance, they were still in some fashion decided upon getting the king back to Paris. (Tackett, 100) Like the people of the provinces, there was still some vestige of reliance upon the king in Paris, if only for a symbol of unity. Some doubted the king, but whether fearing or postulating abduction or betrayal, Parisians wanted their king back, and the people of the countryside wanted to send him back.
The disappearance of the king caused a great disturbance in France. Doubt was injected into France, doubt in the old monarchy that coincided with doubt in the monarchy. This event drew the French people together, bringing them to act upon the king's flight in a unified body, working to separate the king from his people. Through the changes of the revolution in Varennes, the pitfalls along the escape, and the spread of information, the king was returned, but not to his same role; Louis would forever be the king who tried to escape, an outcast citizen who would eventually come to his death on the guillotine.(Tackett 216)
Sources:
Jeremy D. Popkin, A Short History of the French Revolution (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), 35,47.
Timothy Tackett, When the King Took Flight (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2003).